Studies have shown that while transformational leadership styles are associated with positive outcomes, laissez-faire leadership is associated with negative outcomes, especially in terms of follower satisfaction with leader and leader effectiveness.
2.
In 2003, a meta-analysis was conducted by Eagly, Johannesen-Schmidt, and Van Engen that compared male and female managers on measures of transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire leadership styles; their findings emphasized the results of their previous study . The meta-analysis study showed that women were slightly more likely than men to exercise a transformational leadership style.
3.
The authoritarian leadership style, for example, is approved in periods of crisis but fails to win the " hearts and minds " of followers in day-to-day management; the democratic leadership style is more adequate in situations that require consensus building; finally, the laissez-faire leadership style is appreciated for the degree of freedom it provides, but as the leaders do not " take charge ", they can be perceived as a failure in protracted or thorny organizational problems.
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